New cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease

In 2015, we published a review on novel cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for detecting Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [1]. We summarized the main potential CSF biomarkers as low amyloid β1–42 (Aβ1–42) and a high total tau (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau). We discussed a number of other potential biomarkers, including those involving blood–brain barrier integrity (PDGFR-β), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), VEGF family members, calcium-sensor protein VILIP-1, β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 and the astrocyte marker YKL-40. More recently, a number of studies have focused on the potential use of other biomarkers such as TGF-β, neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL), autotaxin, α-syn and complement. These modules...